Male infertility treatment depends on the underlying cause, which may involve issues with sperm production, function, or delivery. Common treatments include lifestyle changes (e.g., quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake), medications to address hormonal imbalances, or surgery to correct varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum). Assisted reproductive techniques like intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be used when other treatments are ineffective. For severe cases, sperm retrieval methods such as testicular sperm extraction (TESE/TESA/PESA) can be performed. In some cases, sperm donation may be considered.